Thermo-chromatic witness features for lightning strike indication in both metallic and composite structures

ABSTRACT

A system includes a structure and a material applied to a portion of the structure. The material may be adapted to change color locally in response to localized heating of the portion of the structure to a first threshold temperature due to an electrical current within the structure. The system may further include a detector configured to receive light from the structure to enable detection of a pathway of the electrical current through the structure based on a position of the color.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims the benefit of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/143,958, filed on May 2, 2016, nowpublished as U.S. Patent App. Publication No. 2017/0315072, and entitled“Thermo-Chromatic Witness Features for Lightning Strike Indication inBoth Metallic and Composite Structures,” the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure is generally related to thermo-chromatic witnessfeatures for lightning strike indication in both metallic and compositestructures.

BACKGROUND

With the increasing use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)composite structures in the aerospace and commercial aircraft industry,there is an increasing need for the advancement of efficientnon-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods for the detection of compositedamage. An especially dangerous form of damage results from lightningstrike, which can induce thermal damage that is difficult to detect.

Typical inspection methods for thermal damage due to lightning strikesmay include using ultrasonic instrumentation to determine whetherdamage, such as delamination, separation, and/or cracking, has occurred.Another method of inspection includes performing a Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) analysis of a spectral signal taken from the aircraft tocorrelate a visual inspection to heat damage for specific resincoatings. However, these methods are time consuming and may beinaccurate.

Other methods for detecting damage due to lightning strikes may involvedetermining a position of an initial strike point based on marks,discoloration, or damage caused by the initial lightning strike, andinspecting each component of the aircraft in proximity to the initialstrike point. However, many of the components inspected may fall outsideof a particular pathway followed by the electrical current from thelightning strike and are therefore unlikely to have been damaged.Because it is unknown which pathway the current may have taken, thesecomponents may be needlessly inspected. The inspections may also includetime-consuming, expensive, and/or invasive dismantling processes. Whatis needed is a quick, reliable, and non-invasive method for determininga pathway taken by current from a lightning strike through a structure,and for determining the extent to which components along the pathway mayhave been damaged.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a system includes a structure and a thermo-chromaticmaterial applied to the structure. The thermo-chromatic material isadapted to change to a color locally in response to localized heating ofthe structure. The heating may be caused by an electrical current from alightning strike. By examining the position and extent of the colorchange, an estimation of damage to the structure due to the lightningstrike may be determined.

In an embodiment, a method includes changing a material applied to aportion of a structure to a first color in response to heating of theportion of the structure to a first threshold temperature due to anelectrical current within the structure. The method further includesdetecting a pathway of the electrical current through the structurebased on a position of the first color.

In some embodiments, the method also includes estimating, based at leaston the first color, an extent of damage produced by the electricalcurrent along the detected pathway of the electrical current through thestructure. In some embodiments, the method includes changing a materialapplied to a second portion of the structure to a second color distinctfrom the first color in response to heating of the second portion of thestructure to a second threshold temperature greater than the firstthreshold temperature. In some embodiments, the method includessuccessively changing additional materials applied to additionalportions of the structure to additional colors distinct from the firstcolor and distinct from each other in response to heating of theadditional portions of the structure to additional successivelyincreasing threshold. In some embodiments, the method includesestimating, based at least on the first color and the additional colors,an extent of damage produced by the electrical current along thedetected pathway of the electrical current through the structure.

In some embodiments, the method includes scanning a surface of thestructure with a detector. The method further includes receiving, at thedetector, light from the structure. The method also includes locatingthe position of the first color based on the light from the structure.In some embodiments, the method includes directing a light source at thestructure during the scanning. The light source may be an ultravioletlight source and the first color may be substantially invisible undernon-ultraviolet light. In some embodiments, the first thresholdtemperature is between 200° C. and 300° C.

In an embodiment, a system includes a structure and a first materialapplied to a portion of the structure. The material is adapted to changeto a first color locally in response to localized heating of the portionof the structure to a first threshold temperature due to an electricalcurrent within the structure. The system further includes a detectorconfigured to receive light from the structure to enable detection of apathway of the electrical current through the structure based on aposition of the first color.

In some embodiments, the first color enables estimating an extent ofdamage produced by the electrical current along the pathway of theelectrical current through the structure. In some embodiments, thesystem further includes a second material applied to a second portion ofthe structure. The second material is adapted to change to a secondcolor, distinct from the first color, in response to heating of theportion of the structure to a second threshold temperature greater thanthe first threshold temperature. In some embodiments, the system alsoincludes additional materials applied to additional portions of thestructure. The additional materials are adapted to change to additionalcolors, distinct from the first color and distinct from each other, inresponse to heating of the additional portions of the structure toadditional successively increasing threshold temperatures. In someembodiments, the first color and the additional colors enable estimatingan extent of damage produced by the electrical current along thedetected pathway of the electrical current through the structure.

In some embodiments, the system also includes a light source directedtoward the structure. The light source may be an ultraviolet lightsource and the first color may be substantially invisible undernon-ultraviolet light.

In some embodiments, the structure includes a copper foil applied to acomposite aircraft, a conductive mesh of a composite aircraft, adielectric top of a composite aircraft, a lightning diversion strip, agrounding cable or plate, a portion of a lightning protection layer ofan aircraft, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thematerial includes a thermo-chromatic witness material.

In an embodiment, a method includes applying a first material to a firstportion of a structure. The first material is adapted to change to afirst color in response to heating of the first portion of the structureto a first threshold temperature due to an electrical current within thestructure. The method further includes applying a second material to asecond portion of the structure. The second material is adapted tochange to a second color, distinct from the first color, in response toheating of the second portion of the structure to a second thresholdtemperature.

In some embodiments, the first material is incorporated into a first setof applique strips and the second material is incorporated into a secondset of applique strips. The first set of applique strips and the secondset of applique strips are applied to the structure in a repeatingpattern. In some embodiments, the first material is incorporated into afirst portion of a coating matrix and the second material isincorporated into a second portion of coating matrix. The coating matrixis applied to the structure. In some embodiments, the first material isincorporated into a first portion of a resin of a lightning protectionlayer and the second material is incorporated into a second portion ofthe resin of the lightning protection layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of an aircraft 100 with a thermo-chromaticmaterial.

FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a system for lightning strikeindication.

FIG. 2A depicts a cross-section view of the embodiment of the system forlightning strike indication.

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a system for lightning strikeindication.

FIG. 3A depicts a cross-section view of the embodiment of the system forlightning strike indication.

FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a system for lightning strikeindication.

FIG. 4A depicts a cross-section view of the embodiment of the system forlightning strike indication.

FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of a system for detecting a position andthe extent of potential damage due to lightning strikes.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart that depicts an embodiment of a method forlightning strike indication.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart that depicts an embodiment of a method for makinga lightning strike indication system.

While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. However,it should be understood that the disclosure is not intended to belimited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of an aircraft 100 is depicted. Theaircraft 100 may include composite materials, metallic materials, othertypes of building materials, or combinations thereof. A surface 102 ofthe aircraft 100 may include a thermo-chromatic witness material appliedthereto as described herein. At some time during the operations of theaircraft 100, the surface 102 of the aircraft 100 may get struck bylightning 104. In response to heat generated within the structure of theaircraft 100, the thermo-chromatic witness material may change colorcreating a color changed region 106 of the surface 102. Because thecolor changed region 106 is formed due to heat generated by electricalcurrent from the lightning 104, the color changed region 106 maysubstantially follow the pathway of the electrical current until theelectrical current leaves the surface 102 of the aircraft 100 ordissipates such that it no longer generates sufficient heat to activatethe thermo-chromatic witness material. In some embodiments, thethermo-chromatic material is selected such that the color changed region106 may be visible under ultraviolet light and may be substantiallyinvisible under non-ultraviolet light.

An advantage of applying the thermo-chromatic witness material to thesurface 102 of the aircraft is that it enables detection of both thestrike point of the lightning 104 and the pathway taken by theelectrical current through the surface 102 of the aircraft 100. Bylocating the position of the color changed region 106, a more accurateestimation may be made of which components may have been damaged due tothe lightning 104. Thus, time and expense may be saved by inspectingonly those components proximate to the color changed region 106, asthose components are more likely to have been overheated or otherwisedamages by the electrical current. Other benefits and advantagesassociated with the embodiment of FIG. 1 may be apparent to persons ofordinary skill in the relevant art having the benefit of thisdisclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 2A, an embodiment of a system 200 for lightningstrike indication is depicted. FIG. 2 depicts a top view of the system200. FIG. 2A depicts a cross-section view of the system 200 along thecross-section line designated by the symbol A of FIG. 2. The system 200may include a thermo-chromatic witness material 202 applied to astructure 204.

The thermo-chromatic witness material 202 may include any substance thatchanges color due to a change in temperature. For lightning detectionapplications, the color change may be sufficiently permanent to remainchanged until inspection of the system 200 may take place. In someembodiments, the thermo-chromatic witness material 202 may change coloror fluoresce at a threshold temperature between 200° C. and 300° C.

Different types of thermo-chromatic witness materials may be associatedwith different time intervals during which heat is applied in order toactivate. In some embodiments, in order to detect lightning strikes, thethermo-chromatic witness material 202 is activated during the short timeinterval associated with a lightning strike. For example, thethermo-chromatic witness material 202 may activate within a time periodbetween 0.1 second and 1 second. Further, the thermo-chromatic witnessmaterial 202 may retain its changed color for a sufficient time intervalto enable inspection of the system 200. For example the thermo-chromaticwitness material may retain its changed color for up to several days orlonger.

The structure 204 may include any structure for which lightning strikeprotection may be desirable. In some embodiments, the structure 204 maybe a portion of an aircraft. For example, the structure 204 may includea copper foil applied to a composite aircraft, a conductive mesh of acomposite aircraft, a dielectric top of a composite aircraft, alightning diversion strip, a grounding cable or plate, a portion of alightning protection layer of an aircraft, another portion of anaircraft, or combinations thereof.

At some time during operation, the system 200 may be struck bylightning. The lightning may generate an electrical current that entersthe structure 204 at an entrance point 210. The current may travelthrough the structure 204 along a pathway 208 before exiting through anexit point 212. In some embodiments, the electrical current maydissipate, either partially or entirely, along the pathway 208. Forexample, the structure 204 may be designed to redirect and/or spread theelectrical current over a large area resulting in a reduction of theelectrical current. In some instances, the electrical current may becompletely dissipated before reaching the exit point 212.

As the electrical current moves through the structure 204 along thepathway 208, a portion 206 of the structure 204 in proximity to thepathway may become heated. When the portion 206 reaches a thresholdtemperature, the thermo-chromatic witness material 202 applied at theportion 206 may change to another color, forming a color changed region214. The hatching shown in FIGS. 2 and 2A indicate that a color of thecolor changed region 214 differs from the rest of the thermo-chromaticwitness material 202.

An advantage of the system 200 is that by forming a color change region214 in the thermo-chromatic witness material 202, the system 200provides a quick, reliable, and non-invasive method for determining apathway taken by current from the lightning strike through the structure204, and for determining the extent to which components along thepathway 208 may have been damaged. Other benefits and advantages of thesystem 200 may be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the relevantart having the benefit of this disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 3A, an embodiment of a system 300 for lightningstrike indication is depicted. The system 300 may include a first set ofapplique strips 302-307 and a second set of applique strips 312-317. Thefirst set of applique strips 302-307 may include a firstthermo-chromatic witness material that changes color at a firstthreshold temperature. The second set of applique strips 312-317 mayinclude a second thermo-chromatic witness material that changes color ata second threshold temperature that is greater than the first thresholdtemperature.

The electrical current passing through the structure 204 may be the mostintense near the entrance point 210. As it travels along the pathway208, it may lose power as it heats the structure 204 and/or dissipatesthrough a large conductive area. As such, the structure 204 may beheated to higher temperatures along the pathway 208 near the entrancepoint 210 as compared to near the exit point 212.

As depicted in FIGS. 3 and 3A, the electrical current may heat portionsof the structure 204 in contact with some of the applique strips (e.g.,the applique strips 302-304) to a temperature beyond the first thresholdtemperature. In response to the heat, the first thermo-chromatic witnessmaterial included in the applique strips 302-304 may change color toform color changed regions 322-324 over the heated portions of thestructure 204. Likewise, the current may heat other portions of thestructure 204 in contact with other applique strips (e.g., the appliquestrips 313-315). Near the entrance point 210, the heat may exceed thesecond threshold temperature causing the second thermo-chromatic witnessmaterial included in the applique strip 313 to change color to formanother color change region 326. As the pathway 208 moves away from theentrance point 210, the heat generated by the electrical current maydecrease. As such, further from the entrance point 210, the heat may notexceed the second threshold temperature, resulting in the formation ofno color change regions within some of the applique strips (e.g., theapplique strips 314, 315) despite being in contact with heated portionsof the structure 204.

By including a first thermo-chromatic witness material in some of theapplique strips and including another thermo-chromatic witness materialin other applique strips, a determination may be made of the extent ofheating within the structure 204 at multiple portions of the structure204 along the pathway 208. For example, a determination may be made thatthe portions of the structure 204 that are adjacent to the appliquestrips 302, 303, and 313 may have been subjected to more heating thanthe portions of the structure 204 adjacent to the applique strips 304,314, 315 because the temperatures near the applique strip 313 exceededthe second threshold temperature while the temperatures near theapplique strips 314, 315 did not exceed the second thresholdtemperature. Thus, components within the structure 204 near the appliquestrips 302, 303, 313 may have been subjected to more heat andconsequently may be more likely to have been damaged by the lightningstrike. Colors of the first thermo-chromatic witness material and thesecond thermo-chromatic witness material may be distinct from each otherafter their respective threshold temperatures are reached in order toenable a determination of temperature ranged reached at each portion ofthe structure 204.

As shown in FIG. 3, the applique strips 302-307 that include the firstthermo-chromatic witness material and the applique strips 312-317 thatinclude the second thermo-chromatic witness material may be alternatelyapplied to produce an even heat sampling for both temperature thresholdsacross the structure 204. In some embodiments, more than two types ofthermo-chromatic witness materials may be used. For example, additionalapplique strips including additional thermo-chromatic witness materialsmay be applied to additional portions of the structure 204. Theadditional thermo-chromatic witness materials may be successivelyadapted to change to additional colors in response to heating of theadditional portions of the structure 204 to additional successivelyincreasing threshold temperatures. The additional applique strips may besequentially laid along the structure 204 to produce an even heatsampling for each temperature threshold. Further, each of thethermo-chromatic witness materials may change to colors distinct fromeach other. As such, a range of temperatures experienced by thestructure 204 may be mapped.

An advantage associated with alternating between applique strips thatinclude a first thermo-chromatic witness material and applique stripsthat include a second thermo-chromatic witness material is that thesystem 300 may provide a quick, reliable, and non-invasive method fordetermining the pathway 208 taken by current from a lightning strikethrough the structure 204, and for determining the extent to whichcomponents along the pathway 208 may have been damaged. Further, becausethe system 300 incorporates applique strips, it may be easilyconstructed. Other benefits and advantages of the system 300 may beapparent to persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art having thebenefit of this disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 4A, an embodiment of a system 400 for lightningstrike indication is depicted. The system 400 may include a matrixmaterial 402 applied to the structure 204 with multiple thermo-chromaticwitness particles 404 incorporated therein.

In some embodiments, the matrix material 402 may include a resin oranother type of coating applied to the structure 204. The matrixmaterial 402 may be applied to the structure 204 by spraying, brushing,another type of application process, or combinations thereof. Thethermo-chromatic witness particles 404 may be incorporated into thematrix material 402 before application of the matrix material 402 to thestructure 204. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the thermo-chromaticwitness particles 404 may be incorporated into the matrix material 402after the application thereof.

Some of the thermo-chromatic witness particles 404 may include a firstthermo-chromatic witness material and some of the thermo-chromaticwitness particles 404 may include a second thermo-chromatic witnessmaterial. The first thermo-chromatic witness material may change to afirst color when heated to a first threshold temperature and the secondthermo-chromatic witness material may change to a second color, distinctfrom the first color, when heated to a second threshold temperature,different than the first threshold temperature. For example, uponheating due to the current along the pathway 208, some of the particles404 may change to a first color forming color changed regions (e.g., thecolor changed regions 412, 414, 417) of the particles. Other colorchanged regions (e.g., the color changed regions 413, 415) maycorrespond to a second color distinct from the first.

In some embodiments, as depicted in FIGS. 4 and 4A, the particles 404are mixed into the matrix material 402 haphazardly. Alternatively, insome embodiments, the first set of particles 412, 414, 416, 417 areincorporated into a first portion of the matrix material 402 and thesecond set of particles 413, 415 are incorporated into a second portionof the matrix material 402, with the first and second portions initiallyseparated. Each portion of the matrix material 402 may then be appliedto the structure 204 in a pattern. Although not depicted in FIG. 4, insome embodiments, some of the particles 404 include additionalthermo-chromatic witness materials that change to additional colors,distinct from the first color and second color and distinct from eachother, in response to heating of the additional portions of thestructure 204 to additional successively increasing threshold.

As electrical current passes from the entrance point 210 to the exitpoint 212 along the pathway 208, it may heat the structure 204. Ifportions of the structure 204 are heated beyond the first thresholdtemperature, then the thermo-chromatic witness particles 404 may changecolor based on a temperature range associated with a respectivethermo-chromatic witness particles material. The change in color mayenable a determination of the position of potential damage to thestructure 204 and/or the extent of damage. Other benefits and advantagesof the system 400 may be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in therelevant art having the benefit of this disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5, an embodiment of a system 500 for detecting aposition and the extent of potential damage due to lightning strikes isdepicted. The system 500 may include a controller 502, a light source506, and a detector 508.

The controller 502 may perform control functions as described herein. Insome embodiments, the controller is implemented using a processor andmemory. For example, the processor may include a central processing unit(CPU), a graphical processing unit (GPU), a peripheral interfacecontroller (PIC), another type of processing unit, or combinationsthereof In some embodiments, the controller is implemented usingprogrammable or fixed circuit logic such as a field programmable gatearray (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit (IC) device, another type of circuit logic, orcombinations thereof.

The controller 502 may include a position determination module 504 thatreceives input from the detector 508. Based on the input, the positiondetermination module 504 may determine a position of the color changedregion 214. The controller 502 may further include a damage assessmentmodule 505 that determines the extent of potential damage to thestructure 204 at the position. In some embodiments, the controller maygenerate a visual depiction that maps the position and an estimate ofthe extent of potential damage to a three-dimensional model of thestructure 204.

During operation, the light source 506 may be directed at the structure204. In some embodiments, the light source 506 may include anultraviolet light lamp. The light source 506 may emit light 510 (e.g.ultraviolet light) which may cause the thermo-chromatic witness material202 to fluoresce. Reflected and/or additional light 511 showing thefluoresced thermo-chromatic witness material may be received at thedetector 508. The detector may send image data based on the light 511 tothe position determination module 504.

In order to determine position information, the controller 502 maycontrol the detector 508 to scan a surface of the thermo-chromaticwitness material 202. For example, the detector 508 may scan in thedirection indicated by the arrow 512. Scanning may include rotationalmovements, translational movements, other types of movements, orcombinations thereof. In order to effectuate the scanning, thecontroller 502 may include gears, motors, or other mechanical devices(not shown) to apply movement to the detector 508.

Based on the light from the structure 204, the controller 502 may locatethe position of the color changed region 214. Further, the controller502 may analyze the colors present at the color changed region 214 todetermine the extent of heating of the structure 204 throughout eachposition of the structure 204 and thereby generate an estimate of damagethat may have occurred at one or more components of the structure 204.

Referring to FIG. 6 an embodiment of a method 600 for lightning strikeindication is depicted. The method 600 may include changing a materialapplied to a portion of a structure to a color in response to heating ofthe portion of the structure to a first threshold temperature due to anelectrical current within the structure, at 602. For example, thethermo-chromatic witness material 202 may change to the colorrepresented by the hatching of FIG. 2 at the color changed region 214 inresponse to heating of the portion 206 of the structure 204 proximate tothe electrical current path 208.

The method 600 may further include scanning a surface of the structurewith a detector, at 604. For example, the surface of the structure 204may be scanned by the detector 508.

The method 600 may also include receiving, at the detector, light fromthe structure, at 606. For example, the light 511 may be received at thedetector 508.

The method 600 may include locating the position of the color based onthe light from the structure receiving, at the detector, light from thestructure, at 608. For example, the position of the color changed region214 may be determined at the position determination module 504.

The method 600 may further include detecting a pathway of the electricalcurrent through the structure based on a position of the first color, at610. For example, the pathway 208 may be detected based on the pathwayof the color changed region 214.

The method 600 may also include estimating, based at least on the color,an extent of damage produced by the electrical current along thedetected pathway of the electrical current through the structure, at612. For example, the damage assessment module 505 may determine anextent of damage along the color changed region 214 based on the colorof the color changed region 214.

Referring to FIG. 7 an embodiment of a method 700 for making a lightningstrike indication system is depicted. The method 700 may includeapplying a first material to a first portion of a structure, at 702. Thefirst material may adapted to change to a first color in response toheating of the first portion of the structure to a first thresholdtemperature due to an electrical current within the structure. Forexample, the applique strips 302-307 may be applied to the structure204. As another example, the chromatic witness particles 412, 414, 416,417 may be applied to the structure 204.

The method 700 may further include applying a second material to asecond portion of the structure, at 704. The second material may beadapted to change to a second color, distinct from the first color, inresponse to heating of the second portion of the structure to a secondthreshold temperature. For example, the applique strips 312-217 may beapplied to the structure 204. As another example, the chromatic witnessparticles 413, 415 may be applied to the structure 204.

Although various embodiments have been shown and described, the presentdisclosure is not so limited and will be understood to include all suchmodifications and variations are would be apparent to one skilled in theart.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: applying a first material toa first portion of a structure, wherein the first material is adapted tochange to a first color in response to heating of the first portion ofthe structure to a first threshold temperature due to an electricalcurrent within the structure; and applying a second material to a secondportion of the structure, wherein the second material is adapted tochange to a second color, distinct from the first color, in response toheating of the second portion of the structure to a second thresholdtemperature greater than the first threshold temperature.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first material is incorporated into a first setof applique strips and the second material is incorporated into a secondset of applique strips, and wherein the first set of applique strips andthe second set of applique strips are applied to the structure in arepeating pattern.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first materialis incorporated into a first portion of a coating matrix and the secondmaterial is incorporated into a second portion of coating matrix,wherein the coating matrix is applied to the structure.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first material is incorporated into a first portionof a resin of a lightning protection layer and wherein the secondmaterial is incorporated into a second portion of the resin of thelightning protection layer.
 5. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: changing the first material applied to the first portion ofthe structure to the first color in response to the heating of the firstportion of the structure to the first threshold temperature due to theelectrical current within the structure; and detecting a pathway of theelectrical current through the structure based on a position of thefirst color.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: changing amaterial applied to a second portion of the structure to a second colordistinct from the first color in response to heating of the secondportion of the structure to a second threshold temperature greater thanthe first threshold temperature; and estimating, based at least on thefirst color and the second color, an extent of damage produced by theelectrical current along the detected pathway of the electrical currentthrough the structure.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:applying additional materials to additional portions of the structure,wherein the additional materials are adapted to change to additionalcolors, distinct from the first color and from the second color anddistinct from each other, in response to heating of the additionalportions of the structure to additional successively increasingthreshold temperatures.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:changing the additional materials applied to the additional portions ofthe structure to the additional colors in response to the heating of theadditional portions of the structure to the additional successivelyincreasing thresholds; and estimating, based at least on the first colorand the additional colors, an extent of damage produced by theelectrical current.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:scanning a surface of the structure with a detector; receiving, at thedetector, light from the structure; and locating a position of the firstcolor based on the light from the structure.
 10. The method of claim 9,further comprising: directing a light source at the structure during thescanning, wherein the light source is an ultraviolet light source, andwherein the first color is substantially invisible under non-ultravioletlight.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first thresholdtemperature is between 200° C. and 300° C.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the structure includes a copper foil, a conductive mesh, adielectric top of a composite aircraft, a lightning diversion strip, agrounding cable or plate, a portion of a lightning protection layer ofan aircraft, or any combination thereof
 13. A method comprising:applying a first material to an aircraft, wherein the first material isadapted to change to a first color in response to heating of a portionof the aircraft to a first threshold temperature; and applying a secondmaterial to the aircraft, wherein the second material is adapted tochange to a second color, distinct from the first color, in response toheating of the aircraft to a second threshold temperature greater thanthe first threshold temperature.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thefirst material is incorporated into a first set of applique strips andthe second material is incorporated into a second set of appliquestrips, and wherein the first set of applique strips and the second setof applique strips are applied to the aircraft in a repeating pattern.15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first material is incorporatedinto a first portion of a coating matrix and the second material isincorporated into a second portion of coating matrix, wherein thecoating matrix is applied to the aircraft.
 16. The method of claim 13,wherein the first material is incorporated into a first portion of aresin of a lightning protection layer and wherein the second material isincorporated into a second portion of the resin of the lightningprotection layer.
 17. A method comprising: applying multiplethermo-chromatic witness materials to multiple portions of an aircraft,wherein the multiple thermo-chromatic witness materials are adapted tochange to multiple colors, distinct from each other, in response toheating of the multiple portions of the aircraft to multiplesuccessively increasing threshold temperatures.
 18. The method of claim17, wherein the multiple thermo-chromatic witness materials areincorporated into multiple sets of applique strips applied to theaircraft in a repeating pattern.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein themultiple thermo-chromatic witness materials are incorporated intomultiple portions of a coating matrix applied to the aircraft in arepeating pattern.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the multiplethermo-chromatic witness materials are incorporated into multipleportions of a resin of a lightning protection layer applied to theaircraft.